Art of producing bearings, bushings, &amp;c



L. W. CHADWICKJ ART OF PRODUCING BEARINGS, BUSHINGS, 6L0- APPLICATIONFILED JUNE 23, I919.

1,359,331 Patented N0v 16, 1920.

3 sng'ns-suzn 1.

' avweuboz Qbtoamup L. w. CHADWICK. ART OF PRODUCING BEARINGS,BUSHINGS', 6L0.

EETS-SHEET 3.

Patented Nov. 16, 1920.

Svwewboz 50 of bearings without individual treatment of UNITED tans w.-cr'rAnw1cK, or ROYAL. 'oax, MICHIGAN,

si ienon or ONE-EAL! CHARLES-Ra LEI-CLAIR,- orf DETROIT,:'ZDZlEIG HIGAN.

- ART or llibnuome B A I GS, nusn'mes,

To all whom it may concern: Be it known that. I, LEES W. GHADWIOK, acitizen of the United States of America, residing at Royal Oak in thecounty of Oakland and State of lMic higan, have in'-' vented certain newand useful Improvements in the ,Art of Producing Bearings, Bushings,.&c., of which the following is a specification, reference being hadtherein to 10 the accompanying drawings, v

i This invention relates to improvements in the art of producingbearings, bushings,

etc, pertaining more particularly to the production cof articles of thistype made from the softer metals and which may or may not includea-Babbitt metal faces;

- Theproduction of articles of this general type becomes diflicult whenan attempt is made to provide production under capacity conditions,especially where the Babbitt metaLlining is of comparatively small crosssection so asto approach the conditions of r a thin skin or film-forinstance, the thickness of one-thirtysecond inch. When, however, therequirements of use of the article are such as to place additionalconditions or inspection tests on the completed article, thedifficulties are vastly increased; For? instance, the accuracy of theactive face or faces of the article becomes of great im- 'portance wherethe article is used in connection with comparativelyhigh speedoperations, .in which case the presence of a high point or points onsaid face is an ab.-

solute cause "of rejection, due to thefact that under such conditions,the face is de'-' signed to be bathed in oil or other lubricant, and thepresence of such high' point or points preventsfkperfect' lubricatingeffect, 40 Another feature or condition-is that of interchangeability, acondition which necessi-'- tatesattimes'the production of a requirednumberiof articles with thelimit of difference allowable less than .0005inch.- The limits allowed in connection with. the bearings and thebushings of the Liberty motor manufactured in accordance with themethods herein disclosed were .00031 inch;

production under conditionsof this severity in or der topermitfinterchangeability each bearingor bushing with respect to thepart with which it.cooperates, is obviously of great difliculty. 4 l Inaddition to these problems, the ques- Specification of LettersIatent.

' Applieation 'filed Jumps,

' avoid individual treatment.

appended claims.

Patented Nov, '16, 1920. i919. Seria1No.3 05,948

tion of producing the article at jcompara'itlvely low manufacturing costis of great importance. Andthis is especially true in" connection withquantity production-where the controlllng' conditions have theseverityabove indicated. While it might be'possiblej to meet the severeconditions oftests through careful hand and machine operations-althoughthe comparatively thin Babbitt metal face, when used, becoines anadditional problem when attempting,to op. erate under such conditionsthe cost of production-becomes so burdensome as to make it practicallyprohibitive where the attempt is made to provide for interchangeability.i Attempts of various Vkinds have been" made to meet these objections,but these have generally been unsuccessful by reasonof the problemspresented and additionally because of .the fact that in many of.theattempts it becomes necessary to waste-a large amount of the -metalfrom; which initial blank is pro uced, either resulting in an actualwaste of the'inetal or the necessity for, re-melting or re treating the,waste -30 metal to permit its 're-use;' in either case the cost ofproduction is largely increased.

Thepresent invention is designed to generally overcome thesedifficulties and .meet the problems in such a way as to permit of 35'quantity production at comparatively low cost of manufacture and at thesame time provide the characteristic ofinterchangeability betweensimilar articles so as to.

' To these and other ends, therefore, the' nature of which will bereadily understood as the invention is hereinafter disclosed,

said invention, consists in the improved methods of production, and thearticle'produced, as more fully described hereinafter, m illustrated inthe accompanying drawings,

and more particularly pointed out in the,

In the accompanying similar reference characters indicate similar parts,in each v1ew,-

Figures 1 to 13 inclusive are views show-. ing in end elevationsuccessive developments \in. the production of -a blank from which thearticle is produced;

Fig.4 '5 a sinilar view indicating the manner. in which the emPbryoarticle is pro duced from the blank;

drawings "infwhich -1o0 Fig. is a plan view of one form of ap- 1 10paratus for providing a stage development of the embryo article;

i the shaping is completed;

Fig. 6 is a front elevation of the structure of Fig. 5, parts beingomitted for clearness; Fig. 7 is an end vieyv, on anenlarged scale, ofan anvil employed in the apparatus of 8 is a plan view of one form ofshaping apparatus which may be employed in a later stage of the articledevelopment, the' apparatus being shown in a position before Figs. 9 and10 are sectional views taken on the lines 949 and 10-10 respectively ofFig. 8; I

ig. 11 is a plan view of the plate emploved in the apparatus of Fig. 8;and

Fig. 12 is a perspective view of the completed article.

Before giving a method disclosed herein, a few of the problems involvedin the production of bearin'gs, etc., under quantity conditions Wlll bereferred to.

Since the members of a bearing must have the active face correspondingwith the ciring, since each pair must be adjusted .to procumferenc'e ofa circle of proper radius, the simplest form of blank is one which iscircular in contour. A blank of this type can be readily machined intoproper dimensions,

but-if the attempt be made to, provide these dimensions incorrespondence with those of the completed article, the necessity fordividing the blank .into halves to produce the bearings, introduces amaterial factor in that the tool for dividing the blank has inevitably athickness 'such'as will afiect the.

true circular contour of the two halvesif the mating faees are broughtinto contact; this for the reason that the material removed from theblank during the cutting operation affects the contour and destroys thetrue circular form.

Under present practice, where this general method is employed, thisparticular condition-is met by the introduction of a shim betweenthe twohalves and having a thickness corresponding to the thickness of thematerial removed during.

the dividing operation. This inherentl requires an individual treatmentof each earduce the proper circular contour. TlllS is one of the factorswhich tends to affectthe ability to provideforinterchangeability.

"Attempts have been made to meet these conditions by producing a specialblank in -which the diameters at right angles to each .material removedduring the other are different, the difference being s'ufiicienttoaccommodate or compensate for the dividing action. This is more orless unsatisfactory and expensive, dueto the difiiculty of at-.

tempting tamachine the faces to proper siz'es and'the necessity forabsolute accuracy in thesele'c'tion of diameter on which .the didetaildescription 'of the .saiddiametrical dimensions.

viding line is made. The present invention meets the several problems bya practice involving several stages which enables the machiningoperations, etc., which involve the faces of the bearings, to beprovided under normal conditions, but entailing a minimum expense inmanufacture with respect to the -may be varied in accordance with, theparticular requirementsin the accuracy, etc., of thearticle but one ofthe essentials of the method as. now practised by inc-and which ispreferred although not wholly essential-is that the machine operationsare preferablycompleted while the material of the bearing is in theblank cylindrical form.

One of the essentials of. the invention is that the blank when completedby passing through the several stages of the operation will have itsinner and its out; faces of greater radii than the completed article,the difference in radius of the two diameters, however, corresponding tothe similar difference in the completed article, thus having thethickness of'the wall of the blank corresponding'to the thickness of thewall of the completed article.v The excess diameters of the blank overthe similar dimensions of the bearings will, of course, vary with theparticular-size and shape of the bearings or other article. Noparticular rule for detervarlations in general conditions of materials,thickness of walls, etc., necessa'rlly affects -mining the excess can,be set forth since the For the purpose, however, of presenting anexample, I will hereinafter set forth the several stages andmeasurements employed in the production of theshort main bearings forthe Liberty motor; these bearings having an external radius of one andone half inches (being known as a three inch bearing) this bearing beingBabbitt .lined and having a thickness of wall in a completed article of.1851 inch, the length of the b'earing'being 1.968 inches. l

" The successive stages inproducing the blank of thebearing-referredtothe three inchbearing of the Liberty motor-includesthe following: W i

Cast-the bushing of bronzeof a size to include the different,dimensions, ,Bore the bushing to .a diameter of- 2.780inches; thisproduces the face which is'to be Babbitt lined. Rough turn the outerface of the bushing to 3.065 inches diameter; this provides anapproximate blank, shown in F ig.

. 1 in'end view, the blank being indicated as A, the different diametersbeing indicated. Babbitt the bushings. Gut off the gate and bore theBabbitt to 2.650 inches diameter.

Turn the outside diameter to 3.035 inches and cut the bushing toaleiigth of 1.968 indhes; this produces the approximate blank, thedimensions of which are indicated in Fig. 2 of the drawings, the Babbittbein in-' dicated at B. The blank of Fig. 3 has een completed by firstbroaching the Babbitt lining to diameter of 2.6555 mches, and grindingthe outside diameter of the bushing to 3.0257 inches. This providesinner and outer diameters of the Babbittlined bushing larger than thoserequired in the completed bearings-the latter havlng an external radiusof 1.5 inches and an interior radiusof 1.3149 inches-with"the thicknessof the wall .1851 inches, this.thickness -being the same in thecompleted bearings and in the blanks, the latter being shown in finishedform in Fig. 3.

The blank is then divided diametrically,

as shown in Fig. 4. In the particular example referred to this dividingwas provided by a sawhaving a cutting width of onethirty-secondinch. Aswillbe understood, the dividing has the effect of reducing the segmentallength an amount substantially equal to the thickness of the sawt hesame reduction being made on the points of intersection. with the saw ofthe cylinder blank, the material removed in providing the cut, obviouslybeing equal to two thicknesses of the saw, or the total decrease in thelength of the mylinde'r circumferentialy of one-sixteenth inch;

The'division of the blank' into its two halves produces duplicatesegments, each of which is designed to" produce one of the faces of theembryo formation, this being had without affecting the thickness of thesegment wall or disturbing the faces which were prepared in theoriginal-blank form.

In the example indicated this result was obtained by the use of threeoperations and two formsof apparatus. The particul ir number ofoperations employed, and the particular character of the apparatus mayobviously be varied, depending somewhat upon'the thickness of the wallof the bearing as well as the material, and upon thedegree of accuracyof production desired. The particular operations of the-example referredto are as follows:

The embryo structure is first subjected to a bending action, theparticular apparatus employed being indicated in Figs. 5 to 7 inclusive,in which 1-5 indicates a frame having guides 16 within which arereciprocatlvely mounted three shaping dies 17, 17 and 18, the dies 17and 17 being substantlally alined and having their operating facesopposing each other these operating faces are adapted to be opposite theparting line edges of the hearing when the latter is n position in theapparatus, these faces being formed on an arc correspondingconcentrically with the opposing portions of the operating face of ananvil member 19, shown more particularly in Fig' 7. Die member or block18 has its movements in directions '.transverse .to those of dies 17 and17 and x has an operating face of greater length than either of saiddies, said operating face being curved on an are which conformssubstan-' tially to that of dies 17 and 17.

Each of the dies 17 17 and 18 is adapted to be moved inwardly bysuitable means, the drawings indicating this meansas in the form ofoperating levers 20'havingcam faces adapted to operate against the rearfaces of the .dies, this arrangement being such as 'to permit of theapplication of pressure on to the embryo formation when the latter isseated external of theactive face of the anvil 19.

The structure thus described is designed to effect a change in theembryo formation in the direction of shortening the inner and outerradii of the embryo formation. Since the embryo formation was of bronzeand 110 Babbitt lined, the arrangement was such as to tend to set up achange in the shape of the embryo formation and this was provided-by,attemp.ting to change the general diameter dimensions to radii lessthan those of the desired article, the change being controlled more or'less by' the particular dimensions and configurations of the activeface of anvil 19 for reasons presently pointed out, this face was givena more or less spe- 12.

cial configuration as indicated in Fig. 7. As

fshownin said figure the general centerlm Fig. 7) of the active faceconfiguration is located on a linear: extending parallel to and spacedfrom an edge :0 of the anvilfland Hi the distance from said center tosaid'face on said line has a length whichcorresponds to the radiusof anare forming the portion of said face at .the extremes of such line, thisradius being shown as 1.279 in.; the 181 active face corresponding to anarc bisected by a line m extending perpendicular to line m from center00 so that at points of the at a point on the active face intersectingline 00' the arcs described have the same radius; these particularpoints are" those directly opposite the active faces of dies 17,

17" and 18. As will be seen, however, the. active face of anvil 19 hastwo arcs ofincreased radius spaced from each other by. the arc of lineno, the spacing being such that radii (indicated at 4%) whichapproximately, bisect the arcs, will extend at right angles to eachother (approximately). and

practically bisect'the right angles formed b the lines as and m; theincrease in radius wi 1 be shown from the fact that these particula rradii are 1.281 inches. These portions of larger radius are blended into,the portio s of less radius. The active face is thus made up of a'rcshaving the radius of,lines wand a," spaced apart by arcs having theradius of lines m, the arcs being more ed together. i

When, therefore, pressure is applied to the three actuating members20those for dies 17 and 17 being preferably actuated in advance of thatof die 18+the embryo formation will be sprung in the direction-ofshorter diameters (the acti-vefaces'of the three dies or lessblendhaving radii based on.a diameter of 2.932

. in.), settingof the cam levers.20 to apply the springing pressure willthus'temporarily spring the embryo formation to a basis of smallerdiameters and tend to slightly de- .form the angular directionof lengthfrom that of a trueacircle, due to'the small difference in radii oftheanvil' .By

ing inthe ends throughthe act1on of dies st spring- 17 and 17', abending effect isfirst produced at the central portion of theembryojformaing 1ine) inward through a bodily advance deformation oftheembryo formation is of short duration, the dies being opened, thusreleasing the embryo structure from the pressure. W hen, the pressure isreleased there is a spring back of the middle, of the "inevery-instance, it is generally the .case

that there is more'orless springing of the 7 member in giving it theshape desired byembryo. bearingtoward its originalishape and sizeybutthis is only partial, leaving the bent structure approximately of thede- .sired dimensions, the curved length of the bearing, however, beingslightly deformed for the reasons heretofore pointed out. As will beunderstood, the fact that the radiusor radii of the inner and outerfaces of the bearings having been chan ed to decrease the length ofsuc'h radii, an i this action has not been effective in shortenin thecurved length of the bearings, it will be obvious that the result hasbeen to take up all or-a major portion of the loss roduced b the facecorresponding to the ends of line 00' and p y dividing operations of theblank, so that the parting line is approximately such as to more or lessmate the similar face of a complemental bearing member without the outerface of the finished bearing member in the particular example shown,this, face extends en a radius of 1.5 inches the recess extendsthroughout one dimension of the" I body portion 21, and the latter has aface adapted to receive a complementalface of a member 22, the latterhaving a block or anvil 23 having a curved face, the curvature I face ofthe bearing memberfor instance, it may be drawn on a radius of 1.3145;block 23 is so positioned that when body portion 21 and the member 22'are'properly locatedin respect to each other, the curved faces ofrecess21 and that of block 23 will be con centric, the two members beingspaced apart a distance to provide a semi-circular space itherebetweeiicorrespondlng to the thickness of which corresponds to that of the innerof the wall ofthe bearing member, The

body portion 21 and the member 22 are de- -drawn together aft r theembryo hearing has been placed 24 applying pressure in such manner as tocorrect any inaccuracy 'or deformation which was produced when operatinginthe bending apparatus previously described.

accurately shaped to a true semiecylindrical I formationwithoutaifec'ting either the inner riding the original blank. While thede formation of the blank may not be present the apparatus justdescribed, so :that when the members 21 and 22 have been moved totachably engageable through suitable means, the particular arrangementshown being that of a pair of pivoted bolts 24 adapted to swirig to andfroma position in advance of member 22 aslshown in Fig, 8. -This ar-'rangement permits the two members to be position between the curvedfaces, tightening of the studs or bolts H As a result, the bearmg.member will be I their closed positions, there is likely to be astrained condition of the member. And

thesemembers, it is necessary that this ing a radius substantially thatof an inter mediate radius between the radii of the inner and outerfaces of the bearings in finished form-in the particular example shown,this radius is one and thirteen thirtyseconds inch, and one of theopenings is shown as located at a point substantially midway of thecurved length of the bearing,

two other openings being located at points adjacent the opposite ends ofthe bearings. These openings are adapted to receive pins 26 yieldablysupported on springs 27 as shown in Fig. 9, the arrangement being suchthat the pins project upwardly. into ,the space between the opposingfaces of the body portion 21 and block 23 and form a rest or support forthe embryo "bearing which is positioned between the faces, thus locatingone longitudinal end of the bearing on the pins and spaced from theplane of the face of plates 25;

The body portion21 recess greater than the length of the bear} ing, sothat when the latter is positioned between the opposing faces, andsupported on pins 26, the opposite end of the hearing; will be spacedfrom the opening formed by the v this space thus left is placed-amember28 opposing faces 21" and of block 23. Into which forms apunch andpractically conforms to-the contour of the bearing in its angulardimensions, the member 28 having a length to project from the assembledmem- The. assembly is then placed in a suitable press and pressureapplied'on the projecting portion of member 28, this pressure serving tomove the member 28 and'the bearing por- .tion which is inadvance ofittoward the face of the plate 25, pins 26 yielding'under the pressure;This movementfcontinues until the opposing end of the bearing comes incontact with the face of the plate 25 when the advance of the bearingis, of course checked and the continued application 0 the pressureproduces the setting action.

' jThe pressure applied is preferably, although bearing provided whenthe advance end of not essentially,-on the order of a'blow or hammereflect, produced for instance, by the effect of the check in themovement of the the bearing contacts with plate 25; this check inadvance -movement, whilev the pressure has the length of its" applyingmember still attempting to advance, sub'ectsthe .blank to the action ofopposing orces at its opposite ends, these. .forces being suddenlyapplied through checking action.'- And this becomes of -ad-- vantagewhere the opposing forces are made active by the movement of the bearingit-' self, since-the forces thus become active more or less indirections corresponding in lines connecting the points of applicationof forces, the sudden jar or. blow tending to bring about such molecularchanges as may be necessary in order to set the bearing to the shapedesired. r

This hammer blow effects can be; produced by placing the assembly on thesupport of a press in the path of travel of a reciprocating member andin position 'sothat the latter will contact with the projecting portionof member 28' as, the reciprocating member is approaching its extreme oftravel in onedirection. As the approach continues the bear ing is beingmoved within the assembly and contact with plates 25 can be had justprior to the time when the extreme position is are provided by a pitman,the contact would be had just, prior to the time when the latter iscrossing its dead center, thus making it possible to control the powerof the blow to any desired extent through varying the parreached; forinstance, if the reciprocations ticular time in the travel of the-pitmanwhen initialcontact'is'had. This control is of advantage in that it isnot designed to pro- Y vide a pressureor blow which willchange the shapeof the bearing itself, the purpose of the blow effect being simply tosufliciently jaw the bearing and to set up the necessary molecularaction as to relieve the strain placed uponthe bearing by fthe closingof the'members 21 and 22, thepressure being appliedin non-radialdirections at the time Figs. '8 tell can'be changed in a simple mannerso' as to permit of placing the blow on the edgeswhich correspondto theparting line of the bearing, the arrangement be.-

a blow simultaneously and, this would be ing such that thetwo edgeswould be given communicated-in angular directions through k the bearing,the blow likewisefb'eing delivered .in non-radial direction.

of what maybe termed the swaging opera the bending'step'may be omittedand the entire shaping operation be through the use of-the swa 'ngapparatus. It'is genera lly preferred, owever,' to apply While I havespecifically'pointedom thew; bending of the embryo structure in advancestep where extreme accuracy in the bearing methods herein referred to issubstantially completed, the finishing having no effect on the, generalcharacteristics of the article. For instance, it is the practice inproducing the bearing for the Liberty motor referred to, to subject theproduct resulting from the swaging action to an operation for finishingthe parting line, and after which the product is drilled, filleted andburred, these being well known operations.

From the above, it will be readily understood that the product carries anumber of characteristics which are more or less individual to itself.For instance, the body portion is of the softer metal group, as forinstance bronze; the Babbitt lining is practically uniform in thicknessand may be of small cross section without affecting the ability toproduce the article or rendering the latter inefiicient in operation;since the wall thickness is produced while the bearing is an integralpart of-the blank, its faces are truly curved, and the operations on thebearing after it has been divided out of the blank does not materiallyaffect these faces, the several operations tending to improve thetexture and skin effect of the faces and at the same -time eliminate anydeformations which may have been produced in an intermediate stageoperation; the shaping to the propersize is by pressure action, with theoperationor operations so arranged as to produce a proper molecularformation with the bearin in an accurate contour, this molecularormation being made permanent while the bearing is in a more or lessstrained relation, so that the set of the metal will retain thestructure in its proper condi tion, requiring positive strain indifferent directions in order toafi'ect the accuracy of the bearingitself. In other words, the embryo formation is strained or stressed tothedesired dimensions, and while under such strain or stress issubjected to such action as will produce the molecular formatin necest0retain'it in suchcondition';

v e I have herein disclosed ways in which the invention may be carriedout, it

' will be readily understood that changes and modifications therein maybe required or desired in meeting the exigencies of use and I donot-limit myself thereto but reserve the right to make any andall suchchanges or modifications therein as may be found neces r desirab e.inso' far as the'samc may fall within the spirit and scope of theinvention as expressed in the claims when broadly construed.

What I claim is 1. In the art of producing bearings, bush blank havingits walls corresponding 1n thickness to that of the completed articleand having its inner and outer faces of greater radii than thecorresponding radii of such completed article, then dividing the blankdiametrically to produce a pair of embryo articles, and completing thearticle by reducing the radii of such inner and outer faces by pressureapplication and applying asetting action thereto when the shape andradii dimensions substantially correspond to I the similarcharacteristics and dimensions of the completed article.

2. In the art ofproducing bearings, bush ings, etc., the method ofproducing the article which consists in producing a tubular blank ofcircular contour, treating the blank to provide a wall thickness corresponding' to that of the completed article and having its inner andouter faces of greater radii than the corresponding radii of suchcompleted article, then dividin the blank diametrically to produce apairo em-' bryo articles,' and completing the article by reducing thera'diiof such inner and outer faces by pressure application and applyinga setting action thereto when the shape and radii dimensionssubstantially correspond to the similar characteristics and dimensionsof the completed article.

3. In the art of producing bearings, bushings, etc.,-the method ofproducing the article which consists in producing a tubular blank with aBabbitt lining and having its wall corresponding in thickness to that ofthe completed article with its inner and outer faces of greater radiithan the corresponding radii of such completed article, then dividingthe blank diametrically to produce a pair of embryo articles, ,andcompleting the article by reducing the radii of such inner and outerfaces by pressure application and applying a. setting action theretowhen the shape and radii dimensions substantially correspond -to thesimilar characteristics and dimensions of the completed article.

4. In the art of producing bearings, bush? ings, etc., the methodofproducing articles which consists in producing atubular blank having itswall corresponding in thickness ticles', and shaping the article toreduce the r diiof such inn r and ou e aces y s ain-J3 ing'the embrarticle in angular direction to place its aces'dn the desired radii, andsubjecting the article to a sudden impact while undergoing strain.

5. In the art of producing bearings, bushings, etc., the method ofproducing articles .Which consists in prodhcing a tubular blank havingits wall corresponding in thickness tothat of the completed article andhaving its inner and outer faces of greater radii than the correspondingradii of said completed article, then dividing the blank dia-'metrically to produce a pair of embryo articles, and shaping thearticle to reduce the radii of such inner and outer faces by strainingthe enibryo article in angular direction to place its faces on thedesired radii, and subjecting thearti cle to a sudden impact whileundergoing strain, with the direction of impact exerted non-radially.

6. In the art of producing bearings, bush-' ings, etc., the method ofproducing articles which consists in producing a tubular blank havingits wall corresponding in thickness to that of the completed article andhaving its inner and outer faces of greater radii than the,corresponding radii of said com pleted article, then dividing the blankdia- I metrically to produce a pair of embryo arti- 30 cles, and shapingthe article .to reduce the radii of such inner and outer faces bystrainingthe embryo article in angular direction to place its faces onthe desired radii,and subjecting the article to a sudden impact whileundergoing strain, with the direction of impact exerted longitudinallyof the article.

,7.In the'art of producingbearings, bushings, etc., the method ofproducing articles which consists in producing a tubular blank havingits wall corresponding in thickness to that of the completed article andhaving its inner and outer faces of greater radii than the correspondingradii of said completed article, then dividing theblank diametrically toproduce a pair of embryo articles, and shaping the article to reduce theradii of such inner and outer faces bystraining the embryo article inangular direction to place its faces on the desired radii, andsubjecting the article to a sudden impact while'undergoing strain, withthe to the direction of axis of the'article.

. 8. In the art of producing bearings, bushimpact exerted in a directioncorresponding ings, etc., the method of producing articles WhlChconsists in producing a tubular blank having its wall corresponding in'thickness pleted article, then dividing the blank diato'that of thecompleted article and having its inner and outer faces of greater radiithan the corresponding radii of said commetrically to producea pairofembryo articles, .shaping the article to reduce the radii of .such inner"and outer faces by straimng subjecting I while undergoing strain, saidblowbeing the embryo article in an angular direction to place its faceson the desired radii, and subjecting the article to a hammer blow Whileundergoing strain, said blow being cles, shaping the article to reducethe radii of such inner and outer faces by straining the embryo articlein an angular direction to place its faces on the desired radii, andthe. article to a hammer-blow exerted in the direction of the axis'ofthe article, and exerted at of the article.

10. In the art of producing bearings, bushings, etc., the method ofproducing articles which consists in producing atubular blank having itsWall corresponding in thickness to that of the completed article andhaving its inner and outer faces of greater radii than the correspondingradii of. said completed article, then dividing the blank the oppositeends' diametrically to produce a pair of embryo articles shaping thearticle to reduce the radii of such inner and outer faces by strainingthe embryo article in an angular direction to place its faces on thedesired radii, and subjecting the article to a hammer blow whileundergoing strain', with the blow excited in a non-radial direction andapplied at opposing edge portions of the article.

11..In the art of producing bearings, bushings, etc., the method ofproducing the article which consists in producing a tubular blank havingits wet I correspondin in thickness to that of the completed ar i cleand having its inner and outer faces of.

greater radii than the corresponding-radii of the completed article;then dividing the blank diametrically to produce a pair-0f embryoarticles, and completing the article by successively applying a springsetto the article in the direction of final dimensions and in strainingthe sprung article to its true radii dimensions, applying'h blow effectto thearticle while under such strain.

12. In the .art of producing bearings, bushings, etc.,themethod ofproducing the article which consists in producing a tubular blank havingits wall corresponding in thickness to that of. the. completed articleand having its inner and outer faces of greater radii than thecorresponding radii of the completed article then dividing the blankdiametrically to produce a pair of emi lso bryo articles, and completingthe article by to the article while under-such strain, with the blowdeliv ered in a direction to be ineffective to change the thickness ofthe article wall.

13. In the art of producing bearings bushings, etc., the method ofproducing the article which consists in producing a tubular blank havingits wall corresponding in thickness to that of the completed article andhaving its inner and outer faces of greater radii than the correspondingradii of the completed article, then dividing the blank diametrically toproduce a' pair of embryo articles, and completing the article bysuccessively applying a spring set to the article in the direction ofits curved length and straining the sprung article to its final trueradii dimensions, and applying a blow.

effect to the article while-under such strain.

14. In the art of producing bearings, bushings, etc., the method ofproducing the article which consists in producing a tubular blank havingits. wall corresponding in thickness to that of the completed articleand having its inner and outer faces of greater radii than thecorresponding. radii of the completed article, then dividing the blankdiametrically toproduce a pair of .embryo articles, and completing thearticle by applying a bending strain to the article inthe direction ofits curved length to produce a spring set thereto, applying a pres sureapplication -to the sprung article 'to strain it to its true radiidimensions, and the completed article and having its innerapplying ablow effect to the article while under such strain.

15. In the 'art of producing bearings, bushings, etc., the method ofproducing the article which consists in producing a tubular blank havingits wall corresponding in thickness to that of the completed articleandhavingits inner and outer faces of greater radii than thecorresponding radii of the completed article,-'then dividing theblankidiamet'rically to produce a pair of embryo articles, andcompleting the article by'applying a bending strain to the article inthe direction of its curved length to pro-' the completed article andhaving its inner and outer faces of greater radii than the.corresponding radii of the completed article, the steps which consist incompleting the article by reducing the radii of such inner "and outerfaces by pressure application and applying a setting action thereto whenthe shape and radii dimensions substantially 1 duce a spring setthereto,applying. a pres- I correspond to the similar characteristics anddimensions of the completed article.

- 17, In the art of producing bearings,

bushings, etc., the method of producing the article from an' embryoblank having its wall corresponding in thickness 'to that of thecompleted article and having its inner and outer faces of greater radiithan the corresponding radii of thecompleted article, the steps whichconsist in-shaping the embryo article to reduce the radii of such embryoarticle in angular direction to place its faces on the desired radii,and subjecting the article. to a sudden impact while under strain.

18. In the art of producing bearings, bushings, etc., the method ofproducing the article from an embryo blank having its wall correspondingin thickness to that'of and outer faces of greater'radiith'an thecorresponding radii of the completed article,

the steps which consist in successively applying a spring setto theembryo article and 1n straining the sprung article to its true radiidimensions,and applying a blow efi'ect to the article while .under suchstrain.

. In te'stimonywhereof I 'afiix my signature 7 I in the preserfce of twowitnesses. .LEESW. CHADWICK.

' Witnessesz,

LEWIS E. FnA DERs, ANNA M. DORR.

